Directions: This exam is open book, open calculator, and closed notes. All questions are worth 5 points each so if you get stuck on a problem, move on and come back to it later. Although there are 21 questions in all, you only need to answer 20 of them. Any extra questions you answer will be counted as extra-credit if you get them right (up to a maximum score of 100). You will be allowed the entire two hours to finish this exam so take your time. Just settle back into your chair, take a deep breath, and relax... Best of luck!

• All questions are worth the same number of points so do the easy ones first!
• If you get stuck on a problem, find a problem similar to that one in the homework set.
• Don't leave any problems blank! Put something down for each problem so you can at least shoot for the partial-credit.

1. What is the correct order for the hierarchy of biological organization?
   1. atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem
   2. atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organelle, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem
   3. atom, molecule, organelle, tissue, cell, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem
   4. atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, ecosystem, community, population
   5. atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, ecosystem, community
   
   
   
   
   
   
2. To be of value to science, hypotheses must be ______________ and ___________________.
   
   
   
   
   
   
3. Actinosphenia elegans is a unicellular, photosynthetic, eukaryotic organism. To which domain does it belong?
   1. Bacteria (Eubacteria)
   2. Archaea (Archaebacteria)
   3. Eukarya (Eukaryotes)
   4. Plantae
   5. none of the above
   
   
   
   
   
   
4. T/F: A theory is a well-supported concept that has broad explanatory power.
   
   
   
   
   
5. Please describe what is meant by the fact of evolution. Also, please describe the theory of natural selection.
   
   
   
   
   
6. Human beings are members of the domain ___________________ and the kingdom ______________.
   
   
   
   
   
7. T/F: If two atoms have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons then they're called isomers.
   
   
   
   
   
8. In salt, what is the nature of the bond between sodium and chlorine?
   1. polar covalent
   2. nonpolar covalent
   3. hydrogen
   4. ionic
   5. van der Waals
   
   
   
   
   
   
9. Please describe what we mean by solution, solvent, and solute. What is an aqueous solution?
   
   
   
   
   
10. T/F: Nutritionally, saturated triglycerides are considered to be less healthful than unsaturated triglycerides. One major difference between them is that saturated triglycerides have more hydrogens than unsaturated triglycerides.
    
    
    
    
    
11. Please list the four main categories of macromolecules/polymers, list an example of each, and, finally, give the monomer subunits that make each one up.
    
    
    
    
    
12. Cellulose is a ________________ made of many ________________ subunits.
    
    
    
    
    
13. T/F: Supose a plant cell is grown in a test tube containing radioactive nucleotides, the parts from which DNA is built. Later examination of the cell will show the radioactivity to be concentrated in the nucleus.
    
    
    
    
    
14. To enter or leave a cell, substances must pass through:
    1. a microtubule
    2. the Golgi apparatus
    3. a ribosome
    4. the nucleus
    5. the plasma membrane
    
    
    
    
    
    
15. The purpose of cellular respiration is the production of which of the following?
    1. ATP
    2. oxygen
    3. carbon dioxide
    4. glucose
    5. all of the above
    
    
    
    
    
    
16. A reaction is designated as exergonic rather than endergonic when ___________.
    1. activation energy exceeds net energy release
    2. activation energy is necessary
    3. no kinetic energy is released
    4. the potential energy of the products is less than the potential energy of the reactants
    5. it absorbs more energy
    
    
    
    
    
    
17. Most cellular work is accomplished by ________________ energizing molecules by ________________ them in an endergonic reaction.
    
    
    
    
    
18. What is oxidation? What is reduction? In which process is energy stored? In which process is energy released? Hint: Remember, LEO the lion goes GER.
    
    
    
    
    
19. Which one of the following best describes the electron transport chain?
    1. Electrons are pumped across a membrane by active transport.
    2. Acetyl CoA is fully oxidized to CO₂.
    3. Hydrogens are added to CO₂ to make an energy-rich compound.
    4. Electrons pass from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step.
    5. Glucose is broken down to a three-carbon compound in preparation for the Citric Acid Cycle.
    
    
    
    
    
    
20. The enzyme ATP synthase forms ATP _____.
    1. due to the potential energy of a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions across a membrane
    2. due to substrate-level phosphorylation
    3. from glucose in the absence of oxygen
    4. in the absence of chemiosmosis
    5. from GTP
    
    
    
    
    
    
21. The biggest mystery about life is its very definition; please list the criteria you feel would distinguish living things from non-living things. Feel free to give a definition of life, as well.